Power Factor

Power factor is a measure of how effectively electrical power is being used in a system. It is a ratio, expressed as a number between 0 and 1 (or as a percentage), that compares the real power used by a device or system to the total power supplied by the source. Real power (measured in kilowatts, kW) does useful work, like lighting a bulb or running a motor. The total power, called apparent power (measured in kilovolt-amperes, kVA), includes real power and reactive power.

Reactive power (measured in kilovolt-amperes reactive, kVAR) is created by inductive or capacitive components like motors or transformers. This power does not perform useful work but is necessary to maintain the electric and magnetic fields in these components. A system with a power factor close to 1 is efficient, meaning most of the power is being used productively. Conversely, a low power factor indicates inefficiency, as more power is wasted.

In practical terms, improving the power factor reduces energy losses and lowers electricity bills. This is especially important in large industrial or commercial settings where machinery with motors creates significant reactive power. Tools like capacitor banks are commonly used to correct low power factors by offsetting reactive power and improving system efficiency.

In summary, power factor ensures energy is used efficiently, with values closer to 1 indicating better utilization of electrical power.